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1. Variable (변수)
- 변수는 $로 시작한다.
- 변수는 별도로 선언하는 부분이 없으며 (type을 미리 지정하지 않으며) 변수 type은 변수가 사용된 context에 따라 결정된다.
- 변수의 type으로는 기본적으로 integer, double, string type이 있으며 이외에 array와 object type이 있다. 변수 type은 gettype(), is_long(), is_double(), is_string(), is_array(), is_object() 등의 함수로 알아낼 수 있다.
- type casting은 C에서와 같은 형식으로 이루어진다. (int) (integer) (real) (double) (float) (string) (array) (object) 등의 casting operator가 있다.
- string conversion : 문자열이 숫자로 변환될 때에 문자열이 '.', 'e', 'E'를 포함하고 있으면 double로 그렇지 않으면 integer로 변환이 된다.
- variable variable : 변수의 값이 변수의 이름이 되는 것을 말한다. 예를들어 $a = "hello" 일때 $$a = "world"라고 정의하면 $hello = "world"로 정의되는 것이다.
- scope : user-defined function에서는 local function scope가 적용된다. 즉 function 안에서 정의된 변수는 function안에서만 의미가 있다. 주의할 점은 외부에서 정의된 변수도 user-defined function안에서는 의미가 없다는 것이다. 외부에서 정의된 변수를 사용하려면 함수 안에서 global $externalVar; 형식으로 정의를 하고 사용하거나 $GLOBALS["externalVar"] 형식으로 직접 변수를 사용하여야 한다.
- static variable : local function scope를 가지지만 scope를 벗어나더라도 값이 유지되는 변수를 말한다.
Array
- array는 $array[] 형식으로 사용된다.
- scalar array : 첨자가 숫자로 주어지는 배열이다. 예를 들면 $array[0] = 1;
- associative array : 첨자가 숫자가 아니라 문자열로 주어지는 배열이다. 예를 들면 $array["first"] = 1;
- 그냥 $array[]에 값을 지정하면 array에 값이 하나 추가된다. $array[] = 1; $array[] = 2; 는 $array[0] = 1; $array[1] = 2;와 같은 의미를 지닌다.
- array() 함수를 통하여 array를 만들수도 있고, count() 함수로 element의 갯수를 얻을수도 있다. next(), prev() 함수나 each() 함수를 통하여 element들을 참조할 수도 있다.
External Variables (외부변수)
- HTML form (GET/POST) : form으로 전달된 값은 form에서 name field로 지정한 이름의 변수로 지정이 된다. form에서 type = "image"인 경우에는 마우스로 클릭한 위치가 name_x, name_y 형태로 추가로 전달된다.
- HTTP Cookie : browser로 cookie를 전달하려면 SetCookie(name, value, timeout) 함수를 이용한다. client로부터 전달되는 cookie는 PHP 변수로 변환이 된다.
- Environment Variable : 환경변수 또한 PHP 변수처럼 사용할 수 있다. 환경변수는 getenv()라는 함수를 이용해 얻을 수 있으며 putenv() 함수로 환경변수를 지정할 수도 있다.
2. Class
- class keyword를 사용하여 class를 정의하며 instance 생성은 new operator를 이용한다.
- class의 상속은 extends keyword를 사용한다.
- constructor 정의는 class와 같은 이름을 갖는 상수를 정의함으로써 이루어진다. constructor는 default parameter를 가질 수 있다.
예)
class testClass {
var $value;
function testClass($defValue = "test") { $value = $defValue; }
function doSet($setValue) { $value = $setvalue; }
function doPrint() { echo $value; }
}
class testLineClass extends testClass {
function doPrintLine() { echo("$valuen"); }
}
$test = new testClassLine;
$test->doSet("hello");
$test->doPrint();
$test->doPrintLine();
3. Expression
- expression이란 값으로 환산되는 것을 말한다.
- assignment는 expression이므로 $a = $b = 5; 같은 문장을 쓸 수 있다.
- pre and post increment / decrement : $a++, ++$a, $a--, --$a
- comparison operator는 boolean 값을 갖는 expression이다.
- operator와 assignment의 결합 : $a += 3; $b = ++$a; $c = double(--$b); $d = $c += 10;
- boolean : 숫자에서 0은 false, 0이 아닌값은 true이다. 문자열에서 ""와 "0"은 false, 나머지는 true이다. array에서는 element가 하나도 없으면 false, 하나라도 있으면 true이다.
4. Statement
- if 문 :
if (expression) {
do anything 1;
} elseif (expression) {
do anything 2;
} else
do anything 3;
또는
if (expression) :
do anything 1;
elseif (expression) :
do anything 2;
else :
do anything 3;
endif;
- while 문 :
while (expression)
do anything;
또는
while (expression) :
do anything;
endwhile;
- do...while 문 :
do {
do anything;
} while (expression);
- for 문 :
for (expr1; expr2; expr3)
do anything;
- switch 문 :
switch (expression) {
case ... :
do anything;
break;
default :
do anything;
}
- loop에서 break를 이용한 제어가 가능하다.
5. Function (함수)
- 함수는 function 이라는 keyword를 가지고 정의가 되며 별도로 return type은 지정하지 않는다.
- function의 기본형은 다음과 같다.
function funcName($arg1, $arg2, $arg3, ..., $argn) {
do anything;
return $retval;
}
- return value는 list와 object를 포함하여 어떤 type이든 될 수 있다. 예를 들어 array를 return하려면 return array(0, 1, 2);
- argument는 default로 pass by value이다. pass by reference로 하려면 argument definition에서 변수명 앞에 &를 붙여주면 된다 (function funcName(&$arg1)). function이 pass by value로 정의가 되었더라도 함수를 부를때 argument에 &를 붙여서 넘기면 pass by reference가 된다 (call : doFunc(&$var)).
- default parameter : C++에서 사용하는 방식으로 default parameter를 정의할 수 있다 : function funcName($var = 1) { }
6. Operator
- operator들은 C언어에서의 operator와 비슷하며 다음과 같은 operator들이 있다.
- arithmetic operator : +, -, *, /, %
- string operator : . (concatenation)
- assignment operator : =
- bitwise operator : &, |, ~
- logical operator : and (&&), or (||), xor, !
- comparison operator : ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
7. 그밖에
- require : #include와 똑같은 의미로 사용된다.
- include : include 문장을 만날때마다 지정한 파일을 포함한다. require는 #include 처럼 무조건 파일을 포함시키지만 include는 loop나 if 문 등에서 사용할 수 있으며 필요한 경우에만 파일을 포함하도록 할 수 있다.
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